Where
were you when the 1984 disaster in Bhopal took place and what brought
you to work there among the survivors?
I am from Orissa. I had done my engineering in metallurgy from Banaras
Hindu University and was pursuing my PhD when the disaster took place.
I heard of it on radio and decided I will do some relief work. I
reached there the next day and could not leave after that. I felt I was
needed there.
Who were the others who were providing
relief?
There were many people trying to help. They found nothing was being
done and so they decided to organise the survivors. I joined them in
the Jehrile Gas Kand Sangarsh Morcha. It had three leaders and none of
them was a gas victim or survivor. There was someone from the Left. He
joined the Congress and then the BJP. There was a lawyer. He made it
big due to Bhopal. Then there was Anil Sadgopal. No one is there in the
picture now. I and some people from a trade union of Union Carbide
formed the Jan Swasthya Kendra as health was the main concern then.
People were not getting treatment and their bodies were getting
swollen. Bhopal Group for Information and Action was formed after that
as we got involved in legal action.
Did you get funds for these activities
from international agencies?
We approached the International Labour Organisation, we went to New
York to speak to the United Nations, to UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for
Refugees) and the International Court of Justice.They all said it would
have been easier if it was a natural calamity. Finally, we formed the
Sambhavna Trust with individual donations like book royalties of
Dominique Lapierre and annual advertisements in The Guardian. These two
sources have provided us enough money to run the organisation and to
treat 160 people daily since 1991.
What did you do for a living in Bhopal?
Initially, my friends used to send me money. There was Arvind Rajgopal,
now a professor in New York University, who was with me and used to
help me with money. I used to write for feature agencies. I also worked
as a daily-wage worker in a straw board mill near the Bhopal bus stand
till they sacked me a year later as there were cases against me.
What cases?
Our organisation started a clinic in June 1989 with a trade union of
Carbide workers. We were giving injections that were antidotes to the
chemicals. We kept records of the healthy effects of this medicine. But
after 21 days, goons and police took away the records of 1,300
patients. We were put in jail for 18 days on charges we were conspiring
against government officials. Many scientific studies were done at that
time by the government and they all concluded there were no lasting
health effects of the chemicals. We came across a study by the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research on damage to plant life. It was meant
only for official use. The government raided our clinic and charged us
under the Official Secrets Act for possessing those papers.
The Vardarajan committee report on the
disaster talked about toxic waste in 1985. How come neither the
government nor the activists picked up on that till Union Carbide left
the country and got merged with Dow Chemicals?
The report was bad and I doubt if the committee ever visited the
premises. There is also no mention of the 8,000 tonnes of chemicals
that are lying buried in the plant premises. It did mention toxic
waste. But that was not part of the terms of reference of the panel.
So Carbide kept quiet about the
chemicals lying there?
We have records of Union Carbide's 1981 telexes sent to the
headquarters in the US that say the solar evaporation ponds are
leaking. The government knew in 1982 that cattle were dying of toxic
exposure. The latter was settled by a lawyer who later became Bhopal
gas relief minister, Babul Lal Goud.
Did you try to probe into the waste
left there?
The first time we said waste should be removed was in 1990. We had done
a study on water and soil contamination and the result was presented
before the government and the Union Carbide AGM in 1990. Scientific
agencies were trying to prove there was no damage. The chairman of the
state pollution control board, VK Jain, who was later jailed on
corruption charges, told me almost every day I met him that there was
no contamination of water. He would say abhi to koi mara nahi hai. A
Congress minister went to the site with media and drank a glass of
water from there. He threw up in two minutes. This was the drama being
played before 1998.
But there was no hue and cry about the
toxic waste till recently
Only after the 2004 Supreme Court order that the toxic waste has to be
removed as it was contaminating the water there did we get the
government to accept there was a problem.
So you blame the government for the
second disaster, of continued damage caused by the chemicals left
behind by the company.
The second Bhopal disaster is a creation of the government itself. In
1989, Union Carbide gathered evidence that ground water had 100 per
cent fish mortality. Then they sponsored a research by NEERI, which
gave a report that the factory was contaminated within the four walls
but water was drinkable within the 10-km radius. We have internal
correspondence between NEERI and Union Carbide advisors where the
latter suggests: Let us not say water is potable, let us say it is of
good quality.
But the Vardarajan committee report
should have prompted some action, legal at least, on removal of toxic
waste in the 80s.
Yes, it was a mistake on our part. We should have agitated much
earlier. There were reports of contamination. The first report was from
the public health engineering department of the Madhya Pradesh
government in 1991 that water from 13 locations was dangerously
polluted. But it did not mention the waste lying there.
Is the waste visible?
It is visible like a hill. But for several years, no one could go there
as Carbide had posted sentries. I used to steal into the premises for
samples of soil. The truth is Union Carbide just slipped away.
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